Stephen Bainbridge considers the morality of "strategic bombing".
Yet, two wrongs do not make a right. Even a just war must be fought justly. And we do the so-called greatest generation no service if we ignore their serious moral failings in this regard. The West, after all, is supposed to be the good guys.
It always disturbs me to hear war discussed in terms of "justice" and "morality" and "good". Aside from the tacit appeal to authority, the terms themselves don't really mean anything objective. The subjective judgment is implicit in these discussion--everyone gets to judge a war and its conduct by their personal "morality".
I see a few problems with Bainbridge's approach to the subject.
The current coda on military morality is the result of the military competition between European states, a rather narrow and largely irrelevant model for the modern world. The problem, as various potentates discovered, was that rapine and pillage tended to alienate the populations you were trying to absorb, rule and control. Frederick the Great was considered great because he managed to invade and hold Silesia (among other things). Machiavelli produced advice for his prince on when to use force and when to use restraint in order to achieve strategic goals. The Europeans learned that while war had utility, unrestricted savagery did not
That's not morality in the traditional sense, but it is "good" in the sense that you get what you want.
Herein lies the irony of "moral war"--its not about being "good guys", but getting to keep what you win. Ultimately, to win hearts and minds in Iraq, you have to kill your enemy, but as far as possible, only your enemy.
Which brings us to the central narrative of Bainbridge's post.
Historian Niall Ferguson has wrriten that:
... the destruction caused by the British and American air forces in their bombing campaigns against civilian populations in Germany and Japan is hardly something we can look back on with pride. Hamburg was destroyed in a firestorm code-named Operation Gomorrah; about 45,000 people died. Similar numbers perished when Dresden was bombed. Tokyo was literally incinerated in a raid that killed between 83,000 and 100,000 people — maybe more.
Such bombing was precisely what the U.S. State Department had denounced as "unwarranted and contrary to principles of law and humanity" in 1937, when the Japanese bombed Chinese cities. And it was precisely what Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill's predecessor as prime minister, had dismissed as "mere terrorism," to which "His Majesty's government [would] never resort."
As those refernces suggest, the greatest generation had doubts about the morality of the strategic bombing campaign even in the midst of the war. The British denied Bomber Harris a peerage in 1946 (although they did offer him one in 1951, which he refused), even though they gave peerages to virtually all of the UK's other major World War II commanders at that time. Bomber Command did not get a separate campaign medal. And so on.
Whether such doubts were widely held within the WWII generation is moot--did the bombing achieve its objective? Where there any perverse outcomes (i.e. an insurgency)? Its the utility stupid.
There is something else to consider, particularly within the historical context of Dresden or Hiroshima. What exactly is a "civilian" population? Prior to the French revolution, the business of war was a lot like it is now in the U.S.--practiced by a class within the larger population (25% of the U.S. military comes from Florida and Texas). You could surgically excise the military component from a society and enjoy what was left a la Frederick the Great.
With Napoleon, one sees something new--the mobilization of an entire population. In effect, there were no civilians in France since all elements in society served the war effort.
The model persisted in the U.S. until the 1970s and still does in places like North Korea (with millions under arms).
Dresden, Toyko and Hiroshima were terrible blows, but they were undertaken for legitimate strategic objectives, which is another way of saying that we did these things--to win.
I think that gets lost in these discussions of a "just" war. The parameters of the discussion suggest that we must not do certain things, as if a "noble loss" has its merits.
The reality is that our conduct of war should be judged by its outcomes--do we win?
I don't mean the battles, but the war, which almost always has to be viewed from a far longer perspective that people are used to. We generally consider the 1st and 2nd World Wars as distinct events, but the reality is that they were spasms of violence in the same centuries-old conflict. The war against Islamic radicalism has a similar dynamic--the Mujahdeen resistence to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan is not an unrelated event to 9/11 or Iraq--the same historical forces are in play and will be until one force--democracy or Islamic radicalism, is finally defeated and discredited.
That's the "large" war, the one between two ideologies and it cannot be won by force of arms alone--Islamic radicalism must be defeated in much the same way communism was defeated--by discredited it.
Justification is besides the point really--9/11 demonstrated that the war is upon us. We do not get to decide whether we will participate or not. What's left to us is to understand the nature of the war and then to act in accordance with that understanding--not by an arbitrary and anachronistic moral code, but by a strategic vision informed by the true nature of the conflict.
The dichotomy between the two approaches to defining the "morality" of war, particularly the war in Iraq, is stark. From the liberal-left point of view, its simple--no WMD, no justification, hence the charge that Iraq is an "immoral" war. On the other hand, Islamic radicalism thrives in the hopeless environment of corruption and tribal politics pervading the middle eastern oligarchies and in the end, it is the environment itself which must be changed to drive a nail through the heart of Islamic radicalism.
How do you do that?
By encouraging democratic reform in anyway possible, including invasion when necessary and appropriate.