Two Kings
Michael Barone makes an interesting comparison between Clinton-Bush and two English Kings, Charles II and William III whose reigns covered the latter half of the 17th century. First Clinton-Charles:
He also in some ways was a successful king. At 30, he came back from exile and established himself firmly on the throne until his death at 54. (Bill Clinton was elected attorney general of Arkansas at 30 and governor at 32, and left the presidency at 54.) The economy surged during his reign; foreign trade vastly increased; new businesses were formed; new inventions were made. (Sounds a lot like the 1990s.) He presided pretty well over the emergencies of the plague of 1665 and the London fire of 1666. (Clinton is proud of the performance of FEMA in his administration and will undoubtedly be happy to tell you that it did better than it has under George W. Bush.) He did get involved in two wars with the Dutch, with not entirely happy results; but he extricated England without sustaining too much damage. (Bosnia, Kosovo.)But Charles also left an unhappy legacy. His brother and successor, James II, was a Catholic–a big problem in Protestant England. Soon after he was crowned, there was an armed rebellion led by Charles's oldest bastard, the Duke of Monmouth, whose intrigues Charles had indulged and whom he failed to rein in. Charles could have avoided the problem by agreeing with the Whigs to change the succession, but he stayed true to his brother even while predicting (correctly) that he wouldn't last more than three years as king and, one suspects, supposing that James might provoke another civil war like the one that ravaged England in the 1640s. Après moi, le déluge. (Bill Clinton, meet Chris Wallace.)
The William-Bush:
William called an irregular convention (only a king could summon Parliament) and forced it, through steely determination and clever maneuvering, to declare him king after several weeks of controversy. (Think Florida 2000.) William was a foreigner, a Dutchman, despite his English mother (Bush as a Texan is a kind of foreigner in Washington, even though his father was president). Unlike Charles, William disliked entertaining politicians and spent as little time as he could with them; he refused to deploy charm as a political weapon. (How often does Bush socialize with members of Congress?) He tried to work with both Tories and Whigs but distrusted all of them and was often distrusted in turn. He worked hard during long regular hours, made crisp decisions, attempted to control but did not always succeed in controlling subordinates. He became increasingly unpopular as his reign went on but continued to pursue his policies nonetheless.William believed that Protestant England and the Netherlands faced an existential threat from the tyrannical and intolerant Catholic regime of Louis XIV, who had the largest army in Europe (just as Bush believes we face an existential threat from Islamic fascists if they get their hands on weapons of mass destruction). He maneuvered the Convention Parliament into authorizing war with France when it was well disposed to him (cf the Iraq war resolution of October 2002). He insisted on continuing the war despite setbacks and defeats year after year. In the process of fighting the war, he created, with Parliament's help, new institutions, notably the funded debt and the Bank of England, which enabled England to defeat a France that was four times its size and which stimulated the miraculous growth of the English economy. He instituted a regime of religious tolerance in England and Scotland (though not in Ireland) and acquiesced in Parliament's Bill of Rights. Parliament met only irregularly before his reign; it has met every year since he became king.
Then the legacy of each...
Charles II was an inconsequential king, in the sense that the regime he established did not last much longer than his own reign. He was happy to let France become the dominant power in Europe (especially if Louis sent him more subsidies), and he failed to confront squarely and settle the most pressing issue before him, his brother's Catholicism. He died popular, but his legacy was evanescent. William III, in contrast, was unpopular when he died, at 51. He left no direct heir but arranged for a Protestant succession that would outlast his successor, Queen Anne, all of whose children had died by 1700. He established financial institutions that would make London the financial capital of the world and that enabled the British government to defend the nation and defeat hegemonic tyrants for many years after. He established practices of religious tolerance and guaranteed liberties and representative government. Most important, he established the principle, never before followed, that England would oppose hegemonic tyrants and preserve the balance of power in Europe and the world–a principle followed by the Duke of Marlborough in Queen Anne's reign, by the elder William Pitt in the 18th century and Pitt the Younger against revolutionary and Napoleonic France at the end of the century and the beginning of the next, by Winston Churchill (a direct descendant of Marlborough, whom William made head of his army before he died), and Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman and their successors in the 20th century.
I thought it was fasincating, particular in the context of a how I watched last night on the Mexican-American war. You never hear about that war, probably because, well--we were acting as imperialist agressors instead of saviors of truth, justice and the American way... Yet while we hold our noses at the conduct of the war, we sure enjoy the fruits of it. Its no exaggeration to say that without the Mexican-American war, there would be no American superpower everyone knows and loves today.
I am not suggesting that Bush is emulating the Polk administration imperialistic ambitions (ambitions reflected by the popularity of the war among the electorate--Zachary Taylor became president largely as a result of his role in that war...), but both the Mexican-American war and WIlliam's unpopular actions make the same point--good outcomes arise from hard-headed action in the interests of the country. Its called leadership---and not everyone likes it.















